The Role of Selected Inflammatory and Apoptotic Markers in Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Mini Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63950/gshh.2026.2.2.24Keywords:
Peptic ulcer, Inflammatory markers, Apoptotic markers, Helicobacter pylori, CaspasesAbstract
Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) affects 5–10% of the global population and results from mucosal injury caused by gastric acid, Helicobacter pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and other factors. Inflammatory and apoptotic pathways are central to PUD pathogenesis.
Methods: This mini review synthesised literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (2000 - 2025) using keywords “peptic ulcer,” “inflammatory markers,” “apoptotic markers,” “NF κB,” and “caspases.” Studies reporting molecular mechanisms in human or animal models were included.
Synthesis: Reactive oxygen species activate NF κB, leading to pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL 1β, IL 6, TNF α) that perpetuate mucosal injury. Inflammatory caspases (caspase 1, 4, 5) drive pyroptosis, while apoptotic caspases (caspase 8, 9, 3) regulate epithelial cell death. Key markers include NF κB, TNF α, IL 6, Bax, and Bcl 2. Current guidelines (Maastricht VI/ACG 2022) recommend bismuth-based quadruple therapy for H. pylori, achieving >90% eradication. However, human validation for most biomarkers remains limited.
Conclusion: Inflammatory and apoptotic markers are promising therapeutic targets and potential diagnostic tools, but prospective human studies are needed to establish their clinical utility.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Akinola O, Adebayo E, Ogunyemi A, Sangobowale O, Kayode AAA
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